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Eau de Cologne (; German: ''Kölnisch Wasser'' (:ˈkœlnɪʃ ˈvasɐ); lit. “Water of Cologne”), or simply cologne, is a perfume originating from Cologne, Germany. Originally mixed by Italian-born Johann Maria Farina in 1709, it has since come to be a generic term for scented formulations in typical concentration of 2%–5% and also more depending upon its type essential oils or a blend of extracts, alcohol, and water. In a base of dilute ethanol (70%–90%), eau de cologne contains a mixture of citrus oils including oils of lemon, orange, tangerine, bergamot, lime, grapefruit and neroli. It can also contain oils of lavender, rosemary, thyme, petitgrain (orange leaf), jasmine, and tobacco. ==History== The original ''Eau de Cologne'' is a spirit-citrus perfume launched in Cologne in 1709 by Giovanni Maria Farina (1685–1766), an Italian perfume maker from Santa Maria Maggiore Valle Vigezzo. In 1708, Farina wrote to his brother Jean Baptiste: "I have found a fragrance that reminds me of an Italian spring morning, of mountain daffodils and orange blossoms after the rain".〔Eckstein and Sykes, p 8〕 He named his fragrance ''Eau de Cologne'', in honour of his new hometown.〔Fischer〕 The most famous ''Original Eau de Cologne'' is ''4711'', named after its location at Glockengasse No. 4711. It was also developed in the 18th century by Wilhelm Mülhens in Cologne and is therefore one of the oldest still produced fragrances in the world. On 12 December 2006, the perfumes and cosmetics company Mäurer & Wirtz has taken over 4711 from Procter & Gamble and have expanded it to a whole brand since then. The ''Eau de Cologne'' composed by Farina was used only as a perfume and delivered to "nearly all royal houses in Europe".〔Farina Fragrance Museum information leaflet〕 His ability to produce a constantly homogeneous fragrance consisting of dozens of monoessences was seen as a sensation at the time. At the time, a single vial of this ''aqua mirabilis'' (Latin for miracle water) cost half the annual salary of a civil servant.〔 When free trade was established in Cologne by the French in 1797, the success of ''Eau de Cologne'' prompted countless other businessmen to sell their own fragrances under the name of ''Eau de Cologne''. Giovanni Maria Farina's formula has been produced in Cologne since 1709 by Farina opposite the Jülichplatz〔 and to this day remains a secret. His shop at Obenmarspforten opened in 1709 and is today the world's oldest fragrance factory. In 1806, Jean Marie Joseph Farina, a grand-grand-nephew of Giovanni Maria Farina (1685–1766), opened a perfumery business in Paris that was later sold to Roger & Gallet. That company now owns the rights to ''Eau de Cologne extra vieille'' in contrast to the ''Original Eau de Cologne'' from Cologne. Originally the water of Cologne was believed to have the power to ward off bubonic plague.〔Monk, Paul M. S. ''Physical Chemistry: Understanding Our Chemical World''. 2004. Wiley.〕 In modern times, ''Eau de Cologne'' or "cologne", has become a generic term. The term "cologne" can be applied to perfume for men or women, but it conventionally refers to perfumes marketed towards men. 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The history behind eau de cologne )〕 "Eau de Cologne" is a popular household remedy in Pondicherry, India and Sri Lanka. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「eau de cologne」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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